Deep History of the United States
The history of the land that would become the United States began with the arrival of the first people in the Americas around 15,000 B.C. Numerous indigenous cultures emerged, and many experienced transitions from densely populated lifestyles to reorganized communities elsewhere in his 16th century. European colonization of the Americas began in the late 15th century, but most colonies in what would become the United States were settled after 1600.
By the 1760s, 13 British colonies had a population of 2.5 million people and were established along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains. The southern colonies built an agricultural system based on slave labor and enslaved millions of people from Africa for this purpose.
After its victory over France, the British government imposed a number of taxes, including the Stamp Act of 1765, but rejected the colonies' constitutional argument that new taxes required approval. Opposition to these taxes, particularly his Boston Tea Party of 1773, led Congress to enact punitive laws aimed at ending domestic rule. In 1775, armed conflict began in Massachusetts. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia declared the colonies' independence as the United States.
Won the Revolutionary War under the leadership of General George Washington. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 established the boundaries of a new sovereign nation. The Articles of Confederation established a central government but failed to ensure stability as it could not collect taxes and had no civil administrator.
The Convention drafted a new Constitution, adopted in 1789, with a Bill of Rights added in 1791 to guarantee inalienable rights. A strong central government was created, with Washington as its first president and Alexander Hamilton as his chief advisor.
The purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the area of the United States. Fueled by the idea of manifest destiny, the United States expanded to the Pacific Coast. Although the country was large in area, its population in 1790 was only 4 million. Expansion westward was facilitated by the search for cheap land for free farmers and slaveholders. The expansion of slavery became increasingly controversial, raising political and constitutional debates that were resolved by compromise. Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason-Dixon line in 1804, but southern states continued slavery to support the large-scale agricultural forms that dominated the southern economy.
The Civil War was sparked by the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860 and began when Southern states seceded from the Union and established their own pro-slavery nation, the Confederate States of America.
With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, slavery was abolished. During the postwar Reconstruction period, legal rights and voting rights were extended to freed male slaves.
The central government became more powerful and was given a clear mandate to protect individual rights. However, in 1877, when white Southern Democrats regained political power in the South through often paramilitary voting rights suppression, Jim Crow laws that maintained white supremacy and most African-Americans were excluded. Passed a new state constitution legalizing discrimination based on race. They do not do so out of participation in public life. The United States became the world's leading industrial power in the early 20th century thanks to an explosion of entrepreneurship, industrialization, and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers.
A national railway network was completed, and large mines and factories were built. Popular dissatisfaction with corruption, inefficiency, and traditional politics galvanized the Progressive Movement from the 1890s to the 1920s, leading to reforms such as a federal income tax, direct election of senators, citizenship for many Native American tribes, alcohol prohibition, This led to reforms such as the granting of women's rights.
Suffrage. Initially neutral during World War I, the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 and financed the Allied victory the following year. After a prosperous Roaring Twenties, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the beginning of a decades-long global Great Depression. President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, including relief for the unemployed, support for farmers, Social Security, and the minimum wage. The New Deal defined modern American liberalism.
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered World War II, funding the Allied war effort and helping to defeat Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in the European theater. His involvement culminated in the use of newly invented American nuclear weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific War.
After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers. During the Cold War, the two countries indirectly confronted each other through arms races, space races, propaganda campaigns, and proxy wars. In the 1960s, a new wave of social reforms was implemented, largely driven by the civil rights movement, granting African Americans constitutional voting rights and freedom of movement. In the 1980s, with the inauguration of President Ronald Reagan, American politics refocused on tax cuts and regulation.
The Cold War ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, leaving the United States as the world's only superpower. Post-Cold War foreign policy often focused on the many conflicts in the Middle East, especially after the September 11 attacks. In the early 21st century, the United States experienced the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic, which negatively impacted local communities.
Indigenous inhabitants
It is not known exactly when or how Native Americans first settled in America, making it what is today. The prevailing theory is that Eurasian peoples crossed Beringia in pursuit of game, forming a land bridge between Siberia and modern-day Alaska during the Ice Age, and then spreading south across the Americas. This migration is thought to have begun as early as 30,000 years ago,
and continued until about 10,000 years ago, when rising sea levels from melting glaciers flooded the land bridge.
These early inhabitants, called Paleoindians, quickly diversified into hundreds of culturally diverse settlements and lands. This pre-Columbian era includes all eras of the history of the Americas before the appearance of European influence on the Americas, from the first settlements of the Upper Paleolithic to early modern European colonization.
Technically, the term refers to the period before Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492, but in reality, the term is usually used even decades or centuries after Columbus' first voyage.
It also encompasses the history of Native American culture up to conquest or significant influence by Europeans. Landing happened.
Paleo-Indians
Adena began around 600 BC. A large earthen wall was constructed in BC. They are the oldest people known as mound builders. However, there are mounds in the United States that predate this culture.
Watson Brake is his 11-mound ruin in Louisiana dating back to 3,500 BC. Built in 500 BC by the nearby Poverty Point Culture, Poverty Point is a group of earthworks dating back to 1,700 BC.
These mounds probably had a religious purpose. The Adena people were a powerful people who were integrated into the Hopewell tradition and traded tools and goods over a wide area. They continued the tradition of Adena mound construction, leaving thousands of specimens in the heart of their former territory in southern Ohio.
Hopewell pioneered a trading system known as the Hopewell Exchange System, which extended from the present-day southeast to the Canadian side of Lake Ontario.
By 500 AD, the Hopewells had also disappeared and integrated into the larger Mississippian culture.
The Mississippians were a large tribal group. Their most important city was Cahokia, near present-day St. Louis, Missouri. At its height in the 12th century, the city had an estimated population of 20,000 people, larger than London at the time. The entire city is centered around a 30 meter high hill.
Cahokia, like many other towns and villages of the time, relied on hunting, foraging, trade, and agriculture, and developed a class system that involved slavery and human sacrifice, influenced by southern societies such as the Maya.
In the Southwest, the Anasazi people began around 900 B.C. In BC, pueblos were constructed of stone and clay.[10] These dwelling-like structures were often built into rock walls, as seen in the Cliff Palace of Mesa Verde.
Some grew to the size of cities, such as his Bonito pueblo on New Mexico's Chaco River, which once had 800 rooms.
Kalyan totem pole of the Tlingit Kix Dee clan, erected in Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the victims of the 1804 Battle of Sitka.
The Native American tribes of the Pacific Northwest were perhaps the wealthiest Native Americans.
In what is now New York state, the Iroquois formed a confederation of Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes in the mid-15th century.
Main article: Ancient Hawaii and the Kingdom of Hawaii
Although the exact date of settlement in Hawaii is debated, the first settlement most likely occurred between 940 and 1130 AD.[15] Around 1200 AD, Tahitian explorers discovered the area and began settling and introducing a new caste system. This marks the rise of Hawaiian civilization, which remained largely isolated from the rest of the world until the arrival of the British 600 years later.[16][17][18] Europeans led by British explorer James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 and within five years of contact Kamehameha I had conquered most of the archipelago using European military technology. They eventually united the Hawaiian Islands for the first time. Establishment of the Kingdom of Hawaii [19]
The island of Puerto Rico has been inhabited for at least 4,000 years, dating back to the ruins of the Puerto Ricans.
Europeans are coming
Main article: Colonial history of the United States
The Mayflower, Flute, Caravel, and Carrack from Plymouth Harbor brought the first Europeans to America.
Main article: Norse colonization of North America
The first European mention of the Americas was in 1075 in a historical treatise by medieval chronicler Adam of Bremen, in which it was referred to as Vinland.
Article: European colonization of the Americas
In 1492 the Spanish rediscovered America. After a period of exploration by major European powers, the first successful settlement by the British occurred in 1607. Europeans brought horses, cattle, and pigs to the Americas, and in return they brought corn, turkeys, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and pumpkins back to Europe. In the Americas, many explorers and early settlers died from exposure to new diseases.
Columbus' landing on Hispaniola
Article: Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish explorers were second only to the Norse in what is now the United States, after Christopher Columbus's expedition (beginning in 1492) established territory in the Caribbean, including present-day U.S. territory Puerto Rico and parts of the United States.
Recording time: 20 minutes 5 seconds 20:05
Letter from Christopher Columbus to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain about the discovery of America
In 1539, Hernando de Soto explored the Southeast extensively, and a year later Francisco Coronado explored gold from Arizona to central Kansas.
